VITAMIN A (RETINYL PALMITATE AND BETA-CAROTENE)

The term “vitamin A” refers to a group of unsaturated, fat-soluble organic compounds, of which the best known include retinol and beta-carotene. Vitamin A cannot be manufactured by humans and is thus a true vitamin, obtained exclusively from the diet.

Vitamin A has multiple functions, including in growth and development, for the immune system, and for vision. In the eye, retinol, which is derived from vitamin A, is part of the pigment that absorbs light and makes vision possible. Retinoic acid, derived from vitamin A, is an important hormone-like growth factor for epithelial (e.g. skin) and other cells.

Vitamin A deficiency is common, affecting as many as one out of three children in the world, although rare in the United States. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to blindness and increased illness with some infections.

Topical and oral forms of vitamin A (retinoids) are common treatments for acne and other skin conditions. Vitamin A is also used for pancreatic disease, measles, age-related macular degeneration, dry eye, and a specific type of leukemia.

The primary form of vitamin A in foods of animal origin is retinyl palmitate, which is converted to retinol in the small intestine. The primary form of vitamin A in foods of animal origin is beta-carotene. Both, retinyl palmitate and beta-carotene are present in EnergyNeeds®.

Unlike most other nutrients, high dosing of retinyl palmitate can be harmful. Adverse effects can include dizziness, nausea, headaches, confusion, coma, and death. Birth defects can occur if high dosing is given to a pregnant woman. This is not the case with beta-carotene, in which high doses are well tolerated and birth defects do not occur. However, consuming high amounts of beta-carotene can turn the skin yellow-orange, called carotenemia, but this is harmless. The upper limit for retinyl palmitate in adults 19 years and older is 3,000 mcg. The amount in EnergyNeeds®, taken as directed for an adult, is just under 1,000 mcg. However, because vitamin A (as retinyl palmitate) may be present in more than one supplement taken, consult your physician regarding whether the total dose may be excessive, especially if you are pregnant or may become pregnant. Vitamin A supplements may interact with certain medications, including birth control pills, blood thinners (Coumadin), acne medicines (isotretinoin), and certain cancer treatments.

Laboratory testing can reveal the presence of a deficiency of this nutrient, but in most cases, is not likely to have clinically utility.