Iodine

Iodine is a mineral that must be obtained in the diet.

Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are major factors in regulating the body’s metabolism.

Iodine deficiency results in hypothyroidism. Symptoms can include fatigue, depression, anxiety, brain fog, headaches, constipation, hair loss, weight gain, and sensitivity to cold temperatures. The thyroid gland may be enlarged causing a bulge in the neck called a goiter. Children born to mothers with iodine deficiency often have neurodevelopmental disorders, such as intellectual dysfunction and autism. Iodine deficiency in early postnatal life also can result in neurodevelopmental disorders. Iodine deficiency is the number one cause of preventable intellectual disability worldwide.

Iodine supplementation is used to prevent or treat hypothyroidism. Fatigue is a common presenting feature of hypothyroidism.

Side effects are rare at usual doses used in supplementation.

Laboratory testing can reveal the presence of a deficiency of this nutrient. In particular, thyroid hormone testing can reveal hypothyroidism.